Background
Croatia is joining the global movement towards nuclear energy by planning to build at least three small modular nuclear power plants (SMRs). This initiative aligns with broader European energy policies and international agreements, particularly calls from the European Commission (EC) and OECD for phasing out subsidized energy prices, prompting the Croatian government to adapt its energy strategy. Despite ending subsidies for the general public, Croatia continues to support vulnerable groups and small businesses. Energy expert Ivica Jakić highlighted that Croatia currently has some of the lowest energy prices in Europe, trailing only Hungary and Romania. The shift in gas and electricity tariffs reflects compliance with evolving EU regulations and not market instability.
Strategy and Content
The government’s strategy centers on integrating nuclear energy as the core of future energy solutions. SMRs are emphasized for their safety and efficiency compared to traditional nuclear reactors. They utilize advanced technologies, such as liquid sodium salts, which allow units to operate independently without needing external cooling systems. Each SMR can hold fuel for up to 20 years and boasts a proposed operational lifespan of 50–60 years. With the ability to deliver up to 500 MW of power, these reactors can also use recycled nuclear fuel, increasing sustainability and resource efficiency. Additionally, the European Union now designates nuclear power as a low-carbon source, with the President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, identifying SMRs as pivotal to the future energy mix.
Impact
SMRs present financial and logistical advantages: their prefabricated nature means shorter construction timelines—typically three to four years—and the capacity for grid connectivity within five years. They are built in factories and assembled directly at the site, requiring minimal infrastructure and facilitating faster deployment. Waste management is handled on-site throughout the operational period, reducing transportation and storage risks. The Croatian government is still deciding the final scale of these projects but aims to decentralize energy generation by building multiple smaller modules at different locations. This approach promises to enhance energy security, minimize the need for long-distance power transmission, and provide a robust response to modern energy demands.
Outlook
Moving forward, Croatia’s commitment to adopting SMRs signals a major transformation in its energy sector. The decentralized model fosters resilience, and the government’s plans indicate a strong push towards sustainable and secure energy. International agreements and EU recognition of nuclear power as a clean source further encourage rapid development. By embracing advanced reactor designs, Croatia aims to lower carbon emissions, reduce reliance on imported fuel, and set a precedent for energy innovation in the region. Experts anticipate SMRs will play an increasingly important role in Europe’s energy future, with Croatia positioned as an active participant.